ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืฉึตืื
ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ


ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ

ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™-ืจื•ืžื™ ืขืชื™ืง, ื”ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉื ื”ืจื•ืžื™ 'ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก' (Hadrianus), ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื“ืจื™ืื” (Hadria ืื• Adria) ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ื ื”ืื“ืจื™ืื˜ื™ ืฉืฉืžื• ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืื•ืชื” ืขื™ืจ. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื 'ื™ืœื™ื“ ืื“ืจื™ืื”' ืื• 'ืžืื“ืจื™ืื”', ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ืืช ื”ื”ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืฉืื” ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืก ืืœื™ื•ืก ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก, ืฉืžืœืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 117-138 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”. ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžืฉืช 'ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื' ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื, ื•ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ, ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ืฉืžื• - 'ื—ื•ืžืช ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก'. ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื: ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื—ืก ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื™ืจ ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืคื’ืื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื 'ืืœื™ื” ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœื™ื ื”' ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืืœ ื”ื™ืคื™ื˜ืจ. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื (132-135 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”), ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™, ื’ื–ืจ ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื’ื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืœ'ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”' ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื”ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขื ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™, ื”ืฉื ืขืฆืžื• ื ืชืคืก ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืฉื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ, ื ื•ืฉื ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.

ื”ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืžื ื•ืงื“

ืึทื“ึฐืจึดื™ืึธืŸ

ื”ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

Adrian | Adrien | Adriano

ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ

ื‘ืŸ

ื”ืื ื”ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™

ื›ืŸ

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœื”

ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื‘ืœื™ืช, ื”ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืฉื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื ืžืจืžื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืข ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืœ ื”ืจื•ื—, ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™.

ืขืจืš ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืœืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ

266

=

1

ื

+

4

ื“

+

200

ืจ

+

10

ื™

+

1

ื

+

50

ืŸ

ืขืจืš ื ื•ืžืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ

5

=

1

ื

+

4

ื“

+

200

ืจ

+

10

ื™

+

1

ื

+

50

ืŸ

=

266

=

2

+

6

+

6

=

14

=

1

+

4

=

5

ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ

ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ื™ - ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืื•ืกืงืจ | ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื’ืจื ื™ื™ื” - ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืกื“ืจื” 'ืื ื˜ื•ืจืื–' | ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืคื˜ืจืกื•ืŸ - ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ | ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืœื™ื™ืŸ - ื‘ืžืื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ | ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืกืื˜ื•ืŸ - ื ื’ืŸ ื’'ืื– ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™

ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื“ืจื™ืืŸ

ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื ืจืฉื

346 ืคืขืžื™ื

ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืฉื ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ

* ืžืงื•ืจ: ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืจื™ืœ 2022

ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ โ€” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื | ืฉึตืื