ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืฉึตืื
ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”


ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ื•ึดืงึฐื˜ื•ึนืจึฐื™ึธื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื ืฉื™ ืžืจืฉื™ื ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” 'Victoria' ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” 'ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ' ืื• 'ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ'. ื”ืฉื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฉืžืœื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1837-1901 ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืชื ืขืžื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื” 'ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™'. ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื“ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—, ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื™ืชื ื”. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื ื•ึดืงึฐื˜ื•ึนืจึฐื™ึธื” ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™. ืืฃ ืฉื”ืฉื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื, ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื’ื ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืงืกืžื• ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืœื›ื•ื— ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ึดืงึฐื˜ื•ึนืจึฐื™ึธื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื™ืงื™, ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื ื ืชืคืก ื›ืฉื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื ืฉื™ืช. ื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืฉื ื–ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืฉื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ืืš ื’ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื - ืžืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช.

ื”ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื ื•ืงื“

ื•ึดืงึฐื˜ื•ึนืจึฐื™ึธื”

ื”ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

Victoria | Viktoria | Vicky | Tori

ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ

ื‘ืช

ื”ืื ื”ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™

ื›ืŸ

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื”ืงื‘ืœื”

ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ืฉื ื•ึดืงึฐื˜ื•ึนืจึฐื™ึธื” ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš, ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืฉื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ืช.

ืขืจืš ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

336

=

6

ื•

+

100

ืง

+

9

ื˜

+

6

ื•

+

200

ืจ

+

10

ื™

+

5

ื”

ืขืจืš ื ื•ืžืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

3

=

6

ื•

+

100

ืง

+

9

ื˜

+

6

ื•

+

200

ืจ

+

10

ื™

+

5

ื”

=

336

=

3

+

3

+

6

=

12

=

1

+

2

=

3

ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ืื - ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืื•ืคื ื” ื•ื–ืžืจืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ | ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื’'ืกื˜ื™ืก - ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื•ื–ืžืจืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช | ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื“ืจื•ื‘ื” - ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืจื•ืกื™ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช | ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” - ืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” (1837-1901) | ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื‘ืจืžื ืงื• - ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช

ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ืจืฉื

78 ืคืขืžื™ื

ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

* ืžืงื•ืจ: ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืจื™ืœ 2022

ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” โ€” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื | ืฉึตืื