ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืฉึตืื
ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืขืœื


ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืขืœื

ื”ืฉื ืขืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขื‘ืจื™ ืขืชื™ืง ื•ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ. ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ืœื” 'ืขืœื' ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื ืขืจ, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืื• ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœืื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืงืจื ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ 'ื ืกืชืจ' ืื• 'ื ืขืœื', ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืฉื ืžืžื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืง ื•ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ. ื”ืฉื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœืื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืœื ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืขืœื' ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื', ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื’ื“ื™ืช. ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื•ืืœ: 'ื‘ืŸ-ืžื™ ื–ื” ื”ืขืœื?' - ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“, ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื“ ืœืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ืขืœื, ืื ื›ืŸ, ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืชืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื ืขืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืœืฉืคื” ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืคื™ ืืจื›ืื™ ื•ืืฆื™ืœื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื”ืฉื ืžื‘ื˜ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘, ื•ื›ื•ื— ืคื ื™ืžื™ - ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื•ื ื•ืชืจื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืขืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื™ื—, ืฉื ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื—, ื•ืฉื ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื•ืฉืื• ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช. ื”ืฉื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.

ื”ืฉื ืขืœื ืžื ื•ืงื“

ืขึถืœึถื

ื”ืฉื ืขืœื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

Elem | Ellem

ื”ืื ื”ืฉื ืขืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™

ืœื

ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ืขืœื ืžื”ืชื "ืš

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื' ื™ืดื–:ื ืดื” - ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืฉึธืืื•ึผืœ ืึถืœ-ืึทื‘ึฐื ึตืจ ืฉึทื‚ืจ-ื”ึทืฆึธึผื‘ึธื, ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืžึดื™-ื–ึถื” ื”ึทื ึทึผืขึทืจ ืึทื‘ึฐื ึตืจ; ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึทื‘ึฐื ึตืจ, ื—ึตื™-ื ึทืคึฐืฉึฐืืšึธ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ ืึดื-ื™ึธื“ึธืขึฐืชึดึผื™

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืขืœื ืžื”ืงื‘ืœื”

ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ืฉื ืขืœื ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”. ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ื ืกืชืจ ืœื’ืœื•ื™, ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืคื•ืขืœ. ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื™, ืขืœื ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืกืชืจ' - ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื, ื•ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืฉื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืฉืžื” ืฆืขื™ืจื”.

ืขืจืš ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืœืฉื ืขืœื

140

=

70

ืข

+

30

ืœ

+

40

ื

ืขืจืš ื ื•ืžืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืฉื ืขืœื

5

=

70

ืข

+

30

ืœ

+

40

ื

=

140

=

1

+

4

+

0

=

5

ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขืœื

ืขืœื โ€” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื | ืฉึตืื