ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืฉึตืื
ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืืœืคืจื“


ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืืœืคืจื“

ืืœืคืจื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ ืขืชื™ืง, ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20. ื”ืฉื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกื›ืกื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”: 'ืืœืฃ' (ร†lf) ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• 'ืืœืฃ' ืื• 'ืจื•ื—' ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•-'ืจืื“' (rรฆd) ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• 'ืขืฆื”' ืื• 'ื™ื•ืขืฅ'. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื™ื 'ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืืœืคื™ื' ืื• 'ืขืฆื” ื—ื›ืžื”'. ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื•ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื ืืœืคืจื“ ืื•ืžืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”. ื”ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืžืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืฉื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉื ืงืœืืกื™ ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ื ื•ืคืš ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืจืื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืจืื• ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื™ืขื•ืฅ. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืฉื ืืœืคืจื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ืงืกื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™, ืงืœืืกื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ืฉื ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื”, ื•ืžืชืื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื”. ืืœืคืจื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืข, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.

ื”ืฉื ืืœืคืจื“ ืžื ื•ืงื“

ืึทืœึฐืคึฐืจึถื“

ื”ืฉื ืืœืคืจื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

Alfred | Alfredo | Alf | Fred | Freddie

ืืœืคืจื“ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ

ื‘ืŸ

ื”ืื ื”ืฉื ืืœืคืจื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™

ื›ืŸ

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืืœืคืจื“ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœื”

ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ืฉื ืืœืคืจื“ ื ื•ืฉื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืืœืฃ, ืœืžื“, ืคื, ืจื™ืฉ ื•ื“ืœืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžืกืžืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื›ืžื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช. ื”ืฉื ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ืžืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืื—ืจื™ื.

ืขืจืš ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืœืฉื ืืœืคืจื“

315

=

1

ื

+

30

ืœ

+

80

ืค

+

200

ืจ

+

4

ื“

ืขืจืš ื ื•ืžืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืฉื ืืœืคืจื“

9

=

1

ื

+

30

ืœ

+

80

ืค

+

200

ืจ

+

4

ื“

=

315

=

3

+

1

+

5

=

9

ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืืœืคืจื“

ืืœืคืจื“ ื”ื™ืฆ'ืงื•ืง - ื‘ืžืื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื | ืืœืคืจื“ ื ื•ื‘ืœ - ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืคืจืกื™ ื ื•ื‘ืœ | ืืœืคืจื“ ืื“ืœืจ - ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช | ืืœืคืจื“ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก - ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืคืจืฉืช ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก | ืืœืคืจื“ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ - ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ื’ืจืžื ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™

ืืœืคืจื“ โ€” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื | ืฉึตืื