ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืฉึตืื
ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืงืœืžืŸ


ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ

ืงืœืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขื‘ืจื™-ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืœืžื“ื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืœืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•: ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” "ืงืœืžืŸ" ืžืฉืžืขื• "ืฉืืจื™ืช" ืื• "ืžื–ื›ืจืช" - ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื• ืขืจืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืžืงื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ "ืงืืœื•ืก" (Kalos) ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื™ืคื”" ืื• "ื˜ื•ื‘", ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ืœื—ืœื• ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ืœื™ื˜ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื ืฉืื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ืฉื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืื™ืช ื•ืœืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืžื“ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื. ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ื ืชืคืกื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืžืง ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžืจ ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ื’ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ืงืจื‘ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืงืœืืกื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืชืŸ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ื•ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.

ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื ื•ืงื“

ืงึทืœึฐืžึธืŸ

ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

Kalman | Kalmen | Colman

ืงืœืžืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ

ื‘ืŸ

ื”ืื ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™

ื›ืŸ

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœื”

ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” - ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ. ื”ืฉื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืžืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืฃ-ืœืžื“-ืžื-ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžืกืžืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื ืกืชืจืช ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช.

ืขืจืš ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืœืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ

220

=

100

ืง

+

30

ืœ

+

40

ืž

+

50

ืŸ

ืขืจืš ื ื•ืžืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ

4

=

100

ืง

+

30

ืœ

+

40

ืž

+

50

ืŸ

=

220

=

2

+

2

+

0

=

4

ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ

ืงืœืžืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืกืงื™ื ื“ - ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœื ื™ | ืงืœืžืŸ ื›ื”ื ื - ืจื‘ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื“ืชื™ | ืงืœืžืŸ ืžืŸ - ืคืขื™ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™

ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืงืœืžืŸ

ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ ื ืจืฉื

296 ืคืขืžื™ื

ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืฉื ืงืœืžืŸ

* ืžืงื•ืจ: ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืจื™ืœ 2022

ืงืœืžืŸ โ€” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื | ืฉึตืื